Cruciate Ligament Disease

*For a quick VIDEO REFERENCE, please scroll to the bottom of this page*

What are the Cruciate Ligaments?

The knee is a fairly complicated joint. It consists of the femur above, the tibia below, the kneecap (patella) in front, and the bean-like fabellae behind. Discs of cartilage called the medial and lateral menisci fit between the femur and tibia like cushions. An assortment of ligaments hold everything together, allowing the knee to bend the way it should and keep it from bending the way it shouldn't. There are two cruciate ligaments that cross inside the knee joint: the anterior (or, more correctly in animals, cranial) cruciate and the posterior (in animals, the caudal) cruciate. They connect from one side of the femur on top to the opposite side of the tibia on the bottom, the two ligaments forming an X (hence the name cruciate) inside the knee joint. They are named for their attachment site on the tibia (the cranial cruciate attaches to the front of the tibia and the caudal cruciate attaches to the back of the tibia). This may be hard to visualize based on the description but the illustration below shows the orientation of the two crossing ligaments effectively. The anterior/cranial cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from slipping forward out from under the femur.

Diagnosing a Ruptured Cruciate Ligament

The ruptured cruciate ligament is the most common knee injury of dogs; in fact, chances are that any dog with sudden rear leg lameness has a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament rather than something else. The history usually involves a rear leg suddenly becoming so sore that the dog can hardly bear weight on it. If left alone, it will appear to improve over the course of a week or two but the knee will be notably swollen and arthritis will set in quickly. Dogs are often seen by the veterinarian in either the acute stage shortly after the injury or in the chronic stage weeks or months later. The key to the diagnosis of the ruptured cruciate ligament is the demonstration of an abnormal knee motion called a drawer sign. It is not possible for a normal knee to show this sign.

The Drawer Sign

The veterinarian stabilizes the position of the femur with one hand and manipulates the tibia with the other hand. If the tibia moves forward (like a drawer being opened), the cruciate ligament is ruptured. Another method is the tibial compression test where the veterinarian stabilizes the femur with one hand and flexes the ankle with the other hand. If the ligament is ruptured, again the tibia moves abnormally forward. If the rupture occurred some time ago, there will be swelling on side of the knee joint that faces the other leg. This is called a medial buttress and is a sign that arthritis is well along.

It is not unusual for animals to be tense or frightened at the vet's office. Tense muscles can temporarily stabilize the knee, preventing demonstration of the drawer sign during examination. Often sedation is needed to get a good evaluation of the knee. This is especially true with larger dogs. Eliciting a drawer sign can be difficult if the ligament is only partially ruptured so a second opinion may be a good idea if the initial examination is inconclusive. Since arthritis can set in relatively quickly after a cruciate ligament rupture, radiographs to assess arthritis are helpful. Another reason for radiographs is that occasionally when the cruciate ligament tears, a piece of bone where the ligament attaches to the tibia breaks off as well. This will require surgical repair and the surgeon will need to know about it before beginning surgery. Arthritis present prior to surgery limits the extent of the recovery after surgery though surgery is still needed to slow or even curtail further arthritis development.

How Does the Rupture Occur?

Several clinical pictures are seen with ruptured cruciate ligaments. One is a young athletic dog playing roughly who takes a bad step and injures the knee. This is usually a sudden lameness in a young large-breed dog. A recent study identified the following breeds as being particularly at risk for this phenomenon: Labrador retriever, Golden retriever, Rottweiler, Neapolitan mastiff, Newfoundland, Akita, St. Bernard, Chesapeake Bay retriever, and American Staffordshire terrier. On the other hand, an older large dog, especially if overweight, can have weakened ligaments and slowly stretch or partially tear them. The partial rupture may be detected or the problem may not become apparent until the ligament breaks completely. In this type of patient, stepping down off the bed or a small jump can be all it takes to break the ligament. The lameness may be acute but have features of more chronic joint disease or the lameness may simply be a more gradual/chronic problem.

Larger, overweight dogs that rupture one cruciate ligament frequently rupture the other one within a year's time. An owner should be prepared for another surgery in this time frame.

The cranial cruciate rupture is not limited to large breed dogs. Small dogs can certainly rupture their ligaments as well and, while arthritis is slower to set in when the patient is not as heavy, there is an association with cruciate rupture and medial luxating patella that is very common in small breed dogs. With the patellar luxation, the kneecap flips in and out of the patellar groove. If the condition is relatively mild, it may not require surgical correction but it does stress the cranial cruciate ligament and can predispose to rupture and then there is a need to correct both conditions surgically.

What Happens if the Cruciate Rupture is not Surgically Repaired?

Without an intact cruciate ligament, the knee is unstable. Wear between the bones and meniscal cartilage becomes abnormal and the joint begins to develop degenerative changes. Bone spurs called osteophytes develop resulting in chronic pain and loss of joint motion. This process can be arrested or slowed by surgery but cannot be reversed.

Osteophytes are evident as soon as 1 to 3 weeks after the rupture in some patients. This kind of joint
disease is substantially more difficult for a large breed dog to bear, though all dogs will ultimately
show degenerative changes. Typically, after several weeks from the time of the acute injury, the dog may appear to get better but is not likely to become permanently normal.
Medical Management includes weight control, exercise control, rehabilitation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary supplements. However, this offers a very unpredictable outcome and for this reason it is not generally recommended. Dogs undergoing this management may improve in the earlier phases of treatment, but longer term outcomes are often poor, and dogs have a shortened life span due to the pain associated with the cruciate ligament diseaae. This is a viable option for clients that are unable to have surgical repair performed, or in patients that are old and unable to go through the risks of anaesthetic. Small dogs may respond better than bigger dogs, but again the outcome is unpredictable.

Types of Surgical Repairs

There are three different surgical repair techniques commonly used today. Every surgeon will have their own preference for which technique is best for a given patient's situation.

Extracapsular Repair

This procedure represents the traditional surgical repair for the cruciate rupture. It can be performed without specialized equipment and is far less invasive than the newer procedures described below. First, the knee joint is opened and inspected. The torn or partly torn cruciate ligament is removed. Any bone spurs of significant size are bitten away with an instrument called a rongeur. If the meniscus is torn, the damaged portion is removed. A large, strong suture is passed around the fabella behind the knee and through a hole drilled in the front of the tibia. This tightens the joint to prevent the drawer motion, effectively taking over the job of the cruciate ligament.

Typically, the dog may carry the leg up for a good two weeks after surgery but will increase knee use over
the next 2 months eventually returning to 75% normal function.
Typically, the dog will require 6-8 weeks of exercise restriction after surgery (no running, outside
on a leash only including the backyard).
The suture placed will break 2 to 12 months after surgery and the dog's own healed tissue will hold the knee.
The cost of these procedures varies based on the size of the dog, age, concurrent problems etc
Ideally performed on dogs less than 20 kg
Approximately $1850 - $2050 (based on weight of dog) for the surgical procedure.
Surgery cost also includes a series of 4 cartrophen injections, which provides pain relief by acting on the pathology within the joint that causes pain and lameness given weekly for 4 weeks (first injection is done on the day of surgery then again on days 7, 14, 21 post op check)
Surgery cost also includes repeat radiographs done at 8 weeks post surgery.
NOTE the above price EXCLUDES any additional post op checks and medications (which are not typically required) if post op instructions are not followed!
Surgery aim to return 75% function of stifle joint when compared to pre-surgery function
Surgery can be preformed at Maraboon Veterinary Surgery

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) - Preferred 'Gold Standard' Full Knee Reconstruction

This procedure uses a fresh approach to the biomechanics of the knee joint and was developed with larger breed dogs in mind. The idea is to change the angle at which the femur bears weight on the flat "plateau" of the tibia. The tibia is cut and rotated in such a way that the natural weight-bearing of the dog actually stabilizes the knee joint. As before, the knee joint still must be opened and the damaged meniscus is removed. The cruciate ligament remnants may or may not be removed depending on the degree of damage. This surgery is complex and involves special training in this specific technique. Many radiographs are necessary to calculate the angle of the osteotomy (the cut in the tibia). This procedure typically costs substantially more than the extracapsular repair as it is more advanced technique, but with typically much better results. Many studies demonstrate the superiority of this technique over all other options.

Typically, most dogs are touching their toes to the ground by 2-10 days after surgery although it can take up to 3 weeks.
This technique is preferred method of repair and strongly recommended in young dogs, dogs over 20kg, and dogs with partial tears.
As with other techniques, 6-8 weeks of exercise restriction are needed.
95-98% function is generally achieved 3 to 4 months after surgery and the dog may return to normal activity.
Approximately $3500-4300 for surgical procedure
Surgery cost also includes a series of 4 cartrophen injections, which provides pain relief by acting on the pathology within the joint that causes pain and lameness given weekly for 4 weeks (first injection is done on the day of surgery then again on days 7, 14, 21 post op check)
Surgery cost also includes repeat radiographs done at 8 weeks post surgery.
NOTE the above price EXCLUDES any additional post op checks and medications (which are not typically required) if post op instructions are not followed!
Surgery can be preformed at The Maraboon Vet Surgery
Additional option is referral to an Orthopedic specialist who has superior surgical skills and provides the absolute best outcomes, specialists available at North Coast Vet Specialist in Sunny Coast, or several options available in Brisbane as well. Cost for Specialist surgeon to perform the procedure is $6500-$7000.
The specialist attends Rockhampton to perform surgery every 6 weeks and arrangements can be made for referral to Rockhampton from Maraboon Vet Surgery to minimise travel.

IMAGE: TPLO VISUAL DIAGRAM	IMAGE: TPLO XRAY Before and After

Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA)

The TTA similarly uses the biomechanics of the knee to create stability, though this procedure changes the angle of the patellar ligament. This is done by cutting and repositioning the tibial crest where the patellar ligament attaches and implanting a titanium or steel "cage," "fork," and plate as well as bone grafts to stabilize the new angle. Like the TPLO, bone is cut, special equipment is needed including metal implant plates. Similar recoveries are seen relative to the TPLO.

Typically, most dogs are touching their toes to the ground by 14-21 days after surgery
This technique is medium tier option for repair and is used in young dogs with very abnormal angles in their stifle joint, dogs over 25kg.
As with other techniques, 6-8 weeks of exercise restriction are needed.
80-85% function is generally achieved 3 to 4 months after surgery and the dog may return to normal activity.
Approximately $2650-3000 for surgical procedure
NOTE the above price EXCLUDES any additional post op checks and medications (which are not typically required) if post op instructions are not followed!
Additional costs for any follow up procedures specified by the specialist (including check ups, cartrophen injections or post op radiographs at 8 weeks) will apply at the Maraboon Vet Surgery.
Surgery can be preformed at Alma St Vet Hospital in Rockhampton or Better Pet Vets in Mackay. Maraboon Vet Surgery can help with the referral process for these surgeries.

IMAGE: TTA XRAY BEFORE & AFTER	IMAGE: TPLO VISUAL DIAGRAM

Which Procedure is Better?

The TPLO is the much more advanced option and is preferred, unfortunately it is also the most expensive, as requires special equipment and specially trained personnel. This procedure is worth the extra expense and has much more favourable outcomes.

General Rehabilitation after Surgery

Rehabilitation following the surgical repair can begin 7 days post operation. Passive range of motion exercise where the knee is gently flexed and extended can also help. It is important not to induce pain when moving the limb. Let the patient guide you. Avoid twisting the leg. After the stitches or staples are out (or after the skin has healed in about 10 to 14 days), 5 min walks on a lead to promote small amount of usage is encouraged. This requires strict observation. No jumping, running or stair-climbing is allowed for a full 6 weeks as requires a full 6 weeks to heal.

What if the Rupture Isn't Discovered for Years and Joint Disease is Already Advanced?

A dog with arthritis pain from an old cruciate rupture may still benefit from a TPLO surgery and possibly from the TTA. Ask your veterinarian if it may be worth having a surgery specialist take a look at the knee. Most cases must make do with medical management.

Meniscal Injury

We mentioned the menisci as part of the knee joint. The bones of all joints are capped with cartilage so as provide a slippery surface where the bones contact each other (if the bones contact each other without cartilage, they grind each other down). In addition to these cartilage caps, the stifle joint has two blocks of cartilage in between the bones. These blocks are called the menisci and serve to distribute approximately 65% of the compressive load delivered to the knee. The only other joint with a meniscus is the jaw (temporomandibular
joint).

When the cruciate ligament ruptures, the medial (on the inner side of the knee) meniscus frequently tears and must either be removed, partly removed, or ideally repaired. This is generally done at the time of cruciate ligament surgery and we would be remiss not to mention it.

Pets with meniscal damage may have an audible clicking sound when they walk or when the knee is examined, but for a definitive diagnosis the menisci must actually be inspected during surgery. It is difficult to access the menisci and thus repairing a tear in the meniscus is problematic; furthermore, poor blood supply to the menisci also makes good healing less likely. For these reasons, removal of the damaged portion of the meniscus is the most common surgical choice. This leaves some meniscus behind to distribute the compression load on the knee but removes the painful, ineffective portion.

Areas of current research include techniques to improve blood supply to the healing meniscus so that repair can be more feasible. If meniscal damage has occurred in a cruciate rupture, arthritis is inevitable and surgery should be considered a palliative procedure.

Enhancing Recovery after Surgery

Confinement

Enhancing recovery post-operatively is largely about strict confinement early. This cannot be over-emphasized. Be prepared to crate your dog our employ a pen such as a child's playpen depending on the dog's size. A corral of sorts can be constructed with boxes and a baby gate. Be sure you understand the instructions with regard to gradual return to exercise over several months.

Adequan Injections

A series of cartophen/pentosan injections can help with joint inflammation as well as lubrication. Typically injections are given twice a week for a total of eight injections. These initial series of 4 injections are included wit the price of surgery at Maraboon Veterinary Surgery.

Glucosamine

Oral joint supplements such as glucosamine contain cartilage building blocks to help the body repair cartilage damage. This is an excellent time to begin supplementation and there are numerous brands.

Weight Management

Overweight dogs have an increased risk for arthritis and for cruciate rupture. A weight management program can reduce the potential for arthritis and can reduce the risk of rupture of the opposite cruciate ligament. If your dog is overweight, ask your vet about a weight management plan that might be started during the recovery period.

Professional Rehab/Physical Therapy

Nothing compares to professional rehab for return to function. We can arrange some video calls with a therapist at the North Coast Vet Specialist if you are interested in therapy. These are at an additional coast paid directly to the North Coast Vet Specialists.

Information courtesy of VIN:

15/06/2020 Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligaments in Dogs - VeterinaryPartner - VIN